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Objective@#Hypoactivity in the reward system among patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a well-known phenomenon. Whether the activity in the reward pathway is related to harm avoidance, such as in sensitivity to punishment, is unclear. Evidence regarding the potential difference between ADHD patients and controls in terms of this association is scarce. @*Methods@#Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging was conducted on subjects performing the Iowa gambling test. Fourteen adults with ADHD and 14 controls were enrolled in the study. @*Results@#Harm avoidance was found to be positively correlated with the activities of the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex and right insula in individuals with ADHD. A group difference was also confirmed. @*Conclusion@#Understanding the roles of harm avoidance and brain activation during risk tasks is important.
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Glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinase (GSK3) proteins play important roles in regulating plant growth, development, and stress response. In order to reveal the characteristics of GSK family members in the medicinal plant Senna tora L., in this study, we conducted the identification and expression analyses of GSKs in S. tora based on its whole genome data, combined with bioinformatics and gene expression research methods. The results showed that a total of nine S. tora GSK genes were identified, all of which contained the GSK characteristic kinase domains. All members were distributed on six chromosomes, the encoding amino acid length ranged from 465 to 943 aa, the protein molecular weight was from 33.57 to 88.83 kDa, and the average isoelectric point was 8.2. The StoSKs were divided into four evolutionary branches, and the StoSKs in the same evolutionary branch shared the same exon/intron structure and conserved motifs. The expansion of the StoSKs gene family was mainly due to segment duplication events, and there were 17, 11, 8 and 7 pairs of collinear genes with Glycine max, Medicago truncatula, Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, respectively. The promoter regions of StoSKs mostly contained responses elements related to stress stimulation, growth and development, and hormone induction. Transcriptome data analysis showed that StoSKs were expressed in different tissues, with the highest expression level in roots. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that StoSKs in different evolutionary branches displayed a synergistic expression pattern response to light, and most of StoSKs could rapidly respond to NaCl stress with significantly up-regulated expression. All the results provide a basis for further analysis of the biological functions of the GSKs gene family in S. tora.
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14 workers in the 1, 8-diaminonaphthalene workshop of a chemical company in Nantong City had symptoms or signs of varying degrees of pruritus and pigmentation of the face, neck and waist. Pathological examination of skin biopsies showed hyperkeratosis, the basal cells were liquefied and denatured. Seven workers were eventually diagnosed with occupational melanosis. To explore the causes of occupational melanosis caused by exposure to 1, 8-dinitronaphthalene and 1, 8-diaminonaphthalene, and to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of occupational melanosis in the future, this paper reported 14 cases of melanosis in the skin of workers in chemical industry.
Subject(s)
Humans , Melanosis/pathology , Pigmentation , Skin/pathologyABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the epidemiological characteristic of a COVID-19 outbreak caused by 2019-nCoV Omicron variant BF.7 and other provinces imported in Shenzhen and analyze transmission chains and characteristics. Methods: Field epidemiological survey was conducted to identify the transmission chain, analyze the generation relationship among the cases. The 2019-nCoV nucleic acid positive samples were used for gene sequencing. Results: From 8 to 23 October, 2022, a total of 196 cases of COVID-19 were reported in Shenzhen, all the cases had epidemiological links. In the cases, 100 were men and 96 were women, with a median of age, M (Q1, Q3) was 33(25, 46) years. The outbreak was caused by traverlers initial cases infected with 2019-nCoV who returned to Shenzhen after traveling outside of Guangdong Province.There were four transmission chains, including the transmission in place of residence and neighbourhood, affecting 8 persons, transmission in social activity in the evening on 7 October, affecting 65 persons, transmission in work place on 8 October, affecting 48 persons, and transmission in a building near the work place, affecting 74 persons. The median of the incubation period of the infection, M (Q1, Q3) was 1.44 (1.11, 2.17) days. The incubation period of indoor exposure less than that of the outdoor exposure, M (Q1, Q3) was 1.38 (1.06, 1.84) and 1.95 (1.22, 2.99) days, respcetively (Wald χ2=10.27, P=0.001). With the increase of case generation, the number and probability of gene mutation increased. In the same transmission chain, the proportion of having 1-3 mutation sites was high in the cases in the first generation. Conclusions: The transmission chains were clear in this epidemic. The incubation period of Omicron variant BF.7 infection was shorter, the transmission speed was faster, and the gene mutation rate was higher. It is necessary to conduct prompt response and strict disease control when epidemic occurs.
Subject(s)
Male , Humans , Female , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Epidemics , China/epidemiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To explore the risk and location of multiple malignancies in patients with hematologic malignancies who were followed up for 9 years in Jiangsu Province Hospital and to evaluate the impact of the second primary malignancy on survival of patients.@*METHODS@#The incidence and survival of multiple malignancies in 7 921 patients with hematologic malignancies from 2009 to 2017 were analyzed retrospectively.@*RESULTS@#A total of 180 (2.3%, 180/7 921) patients developed second malignancy, of whom 58 patients were diagnosed with hematologic malignancies as the first primary malignancy, and 98 patients developed hematologic malignancies as second primary malignancy, and the other 24 cases were diagnosed with the second malignancy within 6 months after the first primary malignancy was diagnosed, which was difined as multiple malignancies occurring simultaneously. In 180 patients, 18 cases developed two hematologic malignancies successively, and 11 patients developed more than 3 primary cancers (among them, 2 female patients were diagnosed with 4 primary cancers). Patients with lymphoma and multiple myeloma (MM) as the second primary malignancy had poorer survival than patients with lymphoma and MM as the first primary malignancy. Patients with chronic myeloid leukemia as the second primary malignancy were also associated with inferior overall survival.@*CONCLUSION@#In this study, 2.3% of hematologic malignancy patients had multiple mali-gnancies, lymphoma and MM as the second primary malignancy had poor survival.
Subject(s)
Humans , East Asian People , Hematologic Neoplasms/complications , Lymphoma/complications , Multiple Myeloma/complications , Neoplasms, Second Primary , Retrospective Studies , Survival AnalysisABSTRACT
PURPOSE@#This study aims to elucidate the electrotaxis response of alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) in direct-current electric fields (EFs), explore the impact of EFs on the cell fate of AECs, and lay the foundation for future exploitation of EFs for the treatment of acute lung injury.@*METHODS@#AECs were extracted from rat lung tissues using magnetic-activated cell sorting. To elucidate the electrotaxis responses of AECs, different voltages of EFs (0, 50, 100, and 200 mV/mm) were applied to two types of AECs, respectively. Cell migrations were recorded and trajectories were pooled to better demonstrate cellular activities through graphs. Cell directionality was calculated as the cosine value of the angle formed by the EF vector and cell migration. To further demonstrate the impact of EFs on the pulmonary tissue, the human bronchial epithelial cells transformed with Ad12-SV40 2B (BEAS-2B cells) were obtained and experimented under the same conditions as AECs. To determine the influence on cell fate, cells underwent electric stimulation were collected to perform Western blot analysis.@*RESULTS@#The successful separation and culturing of AECs were confirmed through immunofluorescence staining. Compared with the control, AECs in EFs demonstrated a significant directionality in a voltage-dependent way. In general, type Ⅰ alveolar epithelial cells migrated faster than type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells, and under EFs, these two types of cells exhibited different response threshold. For type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells, only EFs at 200 mV/mm resulted a significant difference to the velocity, whereas for, EFs at both 100 mV/mm and 200 mV/mm gave rise to a significant difference. Western blotting suggested that EFs led to an increased expression of a AKT and myeloid leukemia 1 and a decreased expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein and Bcl-2-like protein 11.@*CONCLUSION@#EFs could guide and accelerate the directional migration of AECs and exert antiapoptotic effects, which indicated that EFs are important biophysical signals in the re-epithelialization of alveolar epithelium in lung injury.
Subject(s)
Humans , Rats , Animals , Alveolar Epithelial Cells , Lung , Lung Injury , Cell Movement/physiologyABSTRACT
Chloral hydrate is a safe and effective sedative hypnotic medicine. Patients can usually calm down or fall asleep quickly after taking it. It has great clinical value and practical needs in children ’s sedation. However ，the nature of chloral hydrate itself and various factors such as ambient temperature and light affect its stability of the preparation ，most of chloral hydrate preparations are still used in clinic in the form of hospital preparations. Therefore ，developing chloral hydrate preparation with single dose ，long validity period and automatic mass production is the prospect and goal of its subsequent development. Based on it，this study collects and reviews the relevant literatures on various preparations of chloral hydrate and their clinical application by searching the Chinese and English databases.
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OBJECTIVES@#To develop the birth weight curve of singleton neonates with a gestational age of 24-42 weeks, and to investigate the regional differences of the birth weight curve.@*METHODS@#A total of 11 maternal and child health hospitals with more than 7 000 neonates delivered annually were selected in 11 cities of China (Haikou, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Liuzhou, Guilin, Quanzhou, Chongqing, Chengdu, Changsha, Ningbo, and Lianyungang), and all live singleton neonates delivered in the 11 hospitals from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2020 were enrolled for the development of birth weight curves.@*RESULTS@#A total of 93 720 singleton neonates with a gestational age of 24-42 weeks from the 11 cities were included in the study. The reference values of the 3rd-97th percentiles of birth weight of singleton neonates for the total of the 11 cities and for each of the 11 cities were established, and the birth weight percentile curves were drawn. The birth weight curve level of singleton neonates in Shenzhen and Quanzhou was almost the same as the average level of the 11 cities; the birth weight curve level of singleton neonates in Haikou, Guangzhou, Guilin, and Liuzhou was slightly lower than the average level of the 11 cities; the birth weight curve level of singleton neonates in Chongqing, Chengdu, and Changsha was slightly higher than the average level of the 11 cities; the birth weight curve level of singleton neonates in Ningbo and Lianyungang was higher than the average level of the 11 cities. The average birth weight curve level of singleton neonates in the 11 cities were very close to that of China Neonatal Cooperation Network in 2011-2014.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The reference values of the 3rd-97th percentiles of birth weight of singleton neonates for the total of the 11 cities and for each of the 11 cities are developed, which can be used as a reference for evaluating the intrauterine growth of singleton neonates in the region. The level of intrauterine growth of neonates in some cities is different from the national level.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Birth Weight , China , Cities , Gestational Age , Reference ValuesABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the application effect of CDIO (Conceire, Design, Implement, Operate) teaching mode in the training of PICC nurse trainees.Methods:A total of 80 PICC nurses trained in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People ′s Hospital from March to August 2021 were divided into the control group (40 patients) and the intervention group (40 patients) according to the baseline comparison principle. The control group participated in the first training using the traditional teaching mode, and the intervention group participated in the second training using the CDIO teaching mode. The scores of core competence and teaching satisfaction of PICC specialist nurses in the two groups were compared at the 8th week after training, and the theoretical and operational scores of the two groups were compared at the 4th and 8th week after training. Results:After training, the scores of professional theoretical knowledge, professional operation skills and related abilities in the core competence of PICC specialist nurses in the intervention group were (27.76 ± 2.07), (40.42 ± 4.12) and (11.42 ± 1.86), respectively. The control group was (22.21 ± 3.71), (34.84 ± 6.86) and (10.15 ± 2.10) points, respectively, and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant ( t=-8.25, -4.42, -2.85, all P<0.01). After 4 and 8 weeks of training, the theoretical scores of the intervention group were (82.00 ± 7.51), (86.25 ± 3.53) points, and the operational scores of PICC laying and maintenance were (93.68 ± 3.25), (91.13 ± 4.75) points, respectively. The control group was (76.48 ± 9.38), (83.28 ± 4.05), (91.48 ± 3.72), (88.58 ± 6.28) points, respectively, and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant ( t values were -3.50 - -2.05, all P<0.05). In the teaching satisfaction of the intervention group, the teaching level, teaching method and teaching effect were 97.5% (39/40), 95.0% (38/40), 100.0% (40/40), while that of control group were 77.5% (31/40), 80.0% (32/40), 85.0% (34/40). There were statistically significant differences between the two groups ( χ2=7.31, 4.11, 4.51, all P<0.05). Conclusions:CDIO teaching mode is superior to traditional teaching mode. It can improve students′ core competence and achievement of theoretical and operational knowledge, and improve teaching satisfaction. It is worth promoting.
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Objective:To explore the clinical effect of SVF-gel transplantation combined with double eyelid operation for upper eyelid depression.Methods:From January 2018 to October 2019, the Cosmetic Surgery Department of Henan Plastic Surgery Hospital treated 58 famale patients with sunken single eyelid and double eyelid, they aged 24-53, and the average age was (35±7) years old. A total of 58 patients with sunken upper eyelid were divided into two groups: SVF-gel group (study group) and traditional autologous fat (Coleman fat) group (control group), 29 cases in each group. Before the operation, patients in the study group were injected with SVF-gel, while those in the control group were injected with Coleman fat. After filling the fat, the traditional double eyelid line was designed in both groups.Results:Three months after operation, the patients in the study group and the patients in the control group had same survival rate of fat filling: the satisfactory rate of fat filling and the effect of double eyelid were 93.10% and 89.66% in the study group, respectively, while 82.76% and 82.76% in the control group.In the control group, there were 4, 1 and 3 cases of gross appearance, tubercle and unevenness respectively, while in the study group, there were no postoperative complications.Conclusions:SVF-gel is superior to traditional structural fat in the double eyelid surgery of upper eyelid sunken type. The patients are satisfied with the surgery and the clinical effect is good.
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Objective:Through the statistics and comparison of SCI papers jointly published by the hospital investigators and university scholars, this paper aims to provide a reference for the next step of interdisciplinary research cooperation in ″medicine, science, engineering and liberal art″.Methods:The collaborative SCI papers were searched from the Science Citation Index expanded (SCIE) database, basic information of the cooperative papers were collected. Taking into consideration of the time spots that 3 years before (2015-2017) and after (2018-2020) when the hospital became affiliated to the university. The number of the paper, paper quality, author's basic information, hospital disciplines and the distribution of department/unit in the university were analyzed.Results:The number of the collaborative papers has increased from 23 to 131. There are statistical significance in both the personnel situations and the qualifications to supervise postgraduate students of the authors. The number of the related hospital departments has increased from 7 to 22, and the number of the universities′ unit increased from 3 to 10.Conclusions:After becoming the university affiliated hospital, the interdisciplinary collaborations in medicine, science, engineering and liberal art have already made some achievements, the breadth and depth of cooperation have been continuously expanded, which is related to the various policies implemented by the hospital and the advantages of interdisciplinary collaboration in resource sharing.
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The intestinal barrier function disrupted in sepsis, while little is known about the variation in different phases of sepsis. In this study, mouse models of sepsis were established by caecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The H&E staining of sections and serum diamine oxidase concentration were evaluated at different timepoint after CLP. TUNEL assay and EdU staining were performed to evaluate the apoptosis and proliferation of intestinal epithelium. Relative protein expression was assessed by Western blotting and serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines was measured by ELISA. The disruption of intestinal barrier worsened in the first 24 h after the onset of sepsis and gradually recovered over the next 24 h. The percentage of apoptotic cell increased in the first 24 h and dropped at 48 h, accompanied with the proliferative rate of intestinal epithelium inhibited in the first 6 h and regained in the later period. Furthermore, the activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) presented similar trend with the intestinal barrier function, shared positive correction with apoptosis of intestinal epithelium. These findings reveal the conversion process of intestinal barrier function in sepsis and this process is closely correlated with the activity of NF-κB signaling.
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Over-expression of the pathway specific positive regulator gene is an effective way to activate silent gene cluster. In the curret study, the SARP family regulatory gene, vasR2, was over-expressed in strain Verrucosispora sp. NS0172 and the cryptic gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of pentaketide ansamycin was partially activated. Two tetraketides (1 and 2) and a triketide (3) ansamycins, together with five known compounds (4-8), were isolated and elucidated from strain NS0172OEvasR2. Their NMR data were completely assigned by analysis of their HR-ESI-MS and
Subject(s)
Micromonosporaceae/metabolism , Multigene Family , Polyketides/metabolism , Rifabutin/metabolismABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To observe the early interventions of traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) on the conversion time of nucleic acid in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and find possible underlying mechanisms of action.@*METHODS@#A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 300 confirmed COVID-19 patients who were treated with TCM, at a designated hospital in China. The patients were categorized into three groups: TCM1, TCM2 and TCM3, who respectively received TCM interventions within 7, 8-14, and greater than 15 days of hospitalization. Different indicators such as the conversion time of pharyngeal swab nucleic acid, the conversion time of fecal nucleic acid, length of hospital stay, and inflammatory markers (leukocyte count, and lymphocyte count and percentage) were analyzed to observe the impact of early TCM interventions on these groups.@*RESULTS@#The median conversion times of pharyngeal swab nucleic acid in the three groups were 5.5, 7 and 16 d (P < 0.001), with TCM1 and TCM2 being statistically different from TCM3 (P < 0.01). TCM1 (P < 0.05) and TCM3 (P < 0.01) were statistically different from TCM2. The median conversion times of fecal nucleic acid in the three groups were 7, 9 and 17 d (P < 0.001). Conversion times of fecal nucleic acid in TCM1 were statistically different from TCM3 and TCM2 (P < 0.01). The median lengths of hospital stay in the three groups were 13, 16 and 21 d (P < 0.001). TCM1 and TCM2 were statistically different from TCM3 (P < 0.01); TCM1 and TCM3 were statistically different from TCM2 (P < 0.01). Both leucocyte and lymphocyte counts increased gradually with an increase in the length of hospital stay in TCM1 group patients, with a statistically significant difference observed at each time point in the group (P < 0.001). Statistically significant differences in lymphocyte count and percentage in TCM2 (P < 0.001), and in leucocyte count (P = 0.043) and lymphocyte count (P = 0.038) in TCM3 were observed. The comparison among the three groups showed a statistically significant difference in lymphocyte percentage on the third day of admission (P = 0.044).@*CONCLUSION@#In this study, it was observed that in COVID-19 patients treated with a combination of Chinese and Western medicines, TCM intervention earlier in the hospital stay correlated with faster conversion time of pharyngeal swab and fecal nucleic acid, as well as shorter length of hospital stay, thus helping promote faster recovery of the patient. The underlying mechanism of action may be related to improving inflammation in patients with COVID-19.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , COVID-19/drug therapy , Length of Stay , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Retrospective Studies , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the effect of obesity on the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Methods:The clinical data of 81 patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from August 2017 to September 2020 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were retrospectively analyzed. According to the body mass index (BMI), the patients were divided into the obese group (BMI≥28 kg/m 2, 11 cases) and the non-obese group (BMI<28 kg/m 2, 70 cases). The clinicopathological characteristics, hematopoietic stem cell implantation, post-transplantation complications, survival and recurrence were compared between the two groups. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed by using Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results:The median follow-up time of 81 patients was 280 d (8-1 218 d). The 1-year overall survival (OS) rate was 77.9%, and the 1-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate was 73.8%. The 1-year OS rates of the non-obese group and the obese group were 82.6% and 46.2% ( χ2 = 15.54, P<0.01), and the 1-year PFS rates were 82.1% and 36.4% ( χ2 = 15.56, P<0.01). The non-recurrence mortality (NRM) rates of the non-obese group and the obese group were 7.1% and 32.7% ( χ2 = 6.463, P = 0.01), and the cumulative recurrence rate was 11.5% and 42.9% ( χ2 = 8.146, P = 0.004). Between the non-obese group and the obese group, the median engraft time of neutrophils and platelets, acute graft-versus-host disease, chronic graft-versus-host disease, hemorrhagic cystitis, cytomegalovirus infection and Epstein-Barr virus infection had no statistical difference ( P > 0.05). The result of multivariate analysis showed that obesity was an independent adverse influencing factor for OS of patients with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ( HR = 3.814, 95% CI 1.343-10.827, P = 0.012). Conclusion:Obesity is an important unfavorable factor that affects patient's survival after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and the improvement of the efficacy and survival of these patients is worthy of further study.
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Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy and influence of modified Chaihu Shugansan combined with ursodeoxycholic acid tablets on inflammatory factors in treatment of chronic cholecystitis cholelithiasis （stagnation of liver and gallbladder Qi）. Method:One hundred and ten patients were randomly divided into control group （60 cases） and observation group （60 cases）. Both groups received lifestyle intervention， and oral ursodeoxycholic acid tablets， 50 mg/time， taken in the morning and evening meals. Patients in control group additionally took Yidanshu capsules orally， 4 capsules/time， 3 times/day. Patients in observation group additionally took modified Chaihu Shugansan orally， 1 dose/day. The treatment courses continued 3 months in both groups. Before and after treatment， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） symptom scores were graded， the ultrasound status of chronic gallbladder inflammation， gallbladder contraction function and stones was graded， the levels of interleukin-6 （IL-6）， IL-8， tumor necrosis factor-<italic>α</italic> （TNF-<italic>α</italic>） and nuclear transcription factor-<italic>κ</italic>B（NF-<italic>κ</italic>B）Were detected， and safety was evaluated. The efficacy for TCM syndromes， imaging efficacy and the efficacy for eliminating gallbladder stones were compared between the two groups. Result:The efficacy for TCM syndrome， efficacy on color ultrasound for chronic cholecystitis and the efficacy on imaging for cholelithiasis in the observation group were all better than those in the control group（<italic>Z</italic>=2.104<italic>，Z</italic>=2.076，<italic>Z</italic>=2.101，<italic>P</italic><0.05）. The thickness of gallbladder wall and volume of the gallbladder of the observation group were smaller than those of the control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， and gallbladder contraction function was higher than that in control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Levels of IL-6， IL-8， TNF-<italic>α</italic> and NF-<italic>κ</italic>B in observation group were lower than those in control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Conclusion:modified Chaihu Shugansan combined with ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis （liver and gall Qi stagnation） is better than Yidanshu capsule combined with ursodeoxycholic acid sour scheme in terms of clinical efficacy， imaging efficacy， and elimination of gallbladder stones. It can reduce inflammation， and enhance gallbladder contraction， with high safety in clinical use.
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The intestinal barrier function disrupted in sepsis, while little is known about the variation in different phases of sepsis. In this study, mouse models of sepsis were established by caecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The H&E staining of sections and serum diamine oxidase concentration were evaluated at different timepoint after CLP. TUNEL assay and EdU staining were performed to evaluate the apoptosis and proliferation of intestinal epithelium. Relative protein expression was assessed by Western blotting and serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines was measured by ELISA. The disruption of intestinal barrier worsened in the first 24 h after the onset of sepsis and gradually recovered over the next 24 h. The percentage of apoptotic cell increased in the first 24 h and dropped at 48 h, accompanied with the proliferative rate of intestinal epithelium inhibited in the first 6 h and regained in the later period. Furthermore, the activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) presented similar trend with the intestinal barrier function, shared positive correction with apoptosis of intestinal epithelium. These findings reveal the conversion process of intestinal barrier function in sepsis and this process is closely correlated with the activity of NF-κB signaling.
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In the past 37 years, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has undergone various major transmission routes in China, with the world most complex co-circulating HIV-1 subtypes, even the prevalence is still low. In response to the first epidemic outbreak of HIV in injecting drug users and the second one by illegal commercial blood collection, China issued the Anti-Drug Law and launched the Blood Donation Act and nationwide nucleic acid testing, which has avoided 98,232 to 211,200 estimated infections and almost ended the blood product-related infection. China has been providing free antiretroviral therapy (ART) since 2003, which covered >80% of the identified patients and achieved a viral suppression rate of 91%. To bend the curve of increasing the disease burden of HIV and finally end the epidemic, China should consider constraining HIV spread through sexual transmission, narrowing the gaps in identifying HIV cases, and the long-term effectiveness and safety of ART in the future.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , China/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , HIV Infections/prevention & control , PrevalenceABSTRACT
The main challenge in the field of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is antibiotic resistance, which influences the efficacy of eradication regimens. Bismuth-containing quadruple therapy has been confirmed as an effective regimen for eradicating H. pylori, especially in strains with antibiotic resistance. High-dose proton-pump inhibitor-amoxicillin dual therapy could decrease the use of unnecessary antibiotics, which is a promising alternative approach. Adjuvant therapy (specific probiotic or vitamin) also showed good results, although more evidence is needed. Novel anti-H. pylori drugs are needed, and the establishment of the H. pylori database is an effective way to acknowledge the real-time information of H. pylori management. This review provides the recent progress of H. pylori treatment, and further studies are needed to address the role of different regimens in improving H. pylori eradication rate, especially in strains with antibiotics resistance.
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OBJECTIVE@#To explore the tensile mechanics and anatomical characteristics of the posterior hip capsule, and provide biomechanical and anatomical evidence for capsule repair in total hip replacement.@*METHODS@#Six bone-capsule-bone specimens were obtained from posterior hip joint of fresh frozen cadavers. The maximum strain, load, elastic modulus and load strain curves of the capsule ligament complex specimens were recorded by Instron Universal Material Testing Machine. Twelve cadaveric hip specimens were dissected to the capsule. The tensile strain of normal capsule and conventionally reconstructed capsule at 90 degrees of hip flexion were documented. The suture area of the posterior capsule was divided into nine sections, and the thicknessof different sections was measured and compared. Posterior capsule of the cadavers was repaired in conventionally way and anatomical way separately and simulated rehabilitation was conducted. The effect of rehabilitation on the repaired capsule was observed.@*RESULTS@#The load-strain curve of capsule ligament complex conforms to rheological and viscoelastic characteristics. The maximum tensile strain of the complex was (39.21±5.23)%, the maximum load was (142.06± 34.15) N, the tensile strength was (1.65±0.38) MPa, and the elastic modulus is (14.23±5.62) MPa. At 90 ° hip flexion, the tensile strain of repaired capsule was higher than that of normal capsule, and the difference was statistically significant (< 0.05). Tensile strain of conventionally reconstructed capsule is:upper part (37.0±4.9)%, middle part ( 53.3±1.1)%, lower part (68.3±6.2)%, tensile strain of normal capsule is:upper part (17.0±2.6)%, middle part (24.1±1.4)%, lower part (26.0± 4.3)% . The thickness of the posterior joint capsulein different sections is statistically significant (<0.05), and capsule at 0.5cm proximal to the femoral insertion is suitable for suture. There the average thickness of capsule is:upper part (3.48 ± 0.11) mm, middle part (2.36 ± 0.09) mm, lower part (1. 59±0.24) mm. The posterior inferior joint capsule is thinnest at (1.42± 0.02) cm proximal to the femoral insertion, and sutures should be avoided here. After simulating rehabilitation, avulsion occurred in the lower part of the posterior capsule repaired conventionally (10/12), and the anatomically repaired capsule remained intact.@*CONCLUSION@#The lower part of conventionally repaired capsule is overstretched and tends to fail. Anatomically repaired capsule conforms to tensile mechanics and is helpful to reduce the failure rate of repair.